Low emissivity glazing - A window with insulating glass is commonly known as double glazing or a double-paned window, triple glazing or a triple-paned window, ... Low emissivity glass (low E glass) is a commercially available option for IGU construction. Low E glass is made by applying a Low E coating to a pane of glass. These are generally metallic …

 
May 10, 2016 · Low-emissivity (low-E coatings) limit heat gain through the glazing by reflecting heat energy. Reflective coatings reduce interior solar heat gain by reflecting solar energy. Thermal performance of glazing is expressed by its thermal conductance, which a measure of air-to-air heat transmission due to thermal conductance and the difference ... . The wrong life coach

Climate Solutions specializes in using Low Emissivity (Low-E) glass which has a coating on one surface of the glass that reduces energy transfer. In layman’s terms that low emissivity/energy transfer means it significantly reduces hot or cold transferring through the glass (and in or out of your home). There are three main Low-E coatings we ...What Is Low Emissivity Or Low-E Glass? Designed for windows and doors where energy efficiency is important. Energy efficient low-emissivity glass which is also ...Benefits of Low-e Glass Installing windows containing low-e glass in energy-efficient double or triple glazed units provides you with many benefits: improves the energy-efficiency of your home, reduces the amount of energy you use, saves you money on your heating bills, more effective than single glazing or standard …Low emissivity (low E) coatings for glazing are microscopically thin, transparent coatings (even thinner than a human hair) that reflect long-wave infrared energy (or heat!). So instead of heat escaping through the glass, a low E coating will reflect heat back into the home. In secondary glazing hard coat Pilkington K Glass™ is used to …The use of Low-E coated glass has been a game changer in boosting the energy efficiency of buildings. With an estimated 70% of energy loss occurring through ...Several double glazing windows with different properties were fabricated with a laser treatment and their effect on the signal attenuation in the frequency range between 0.7 and 3.5 GHz was ...Glass, Clear Glazing, Low E, 4mm. Low-E varies from normal clear glass in that one side of the glass has a special metal coating, technically known as a low emissivity, or Low-E. Low-E coatings have been developed to minimize the amount of ultraviolet and infrared light that can pass through glass without compromising the amount of visible ...As the world becomes more conscious of the impact of climate change, it’s essential to take steps towards reducing your carbon footprint. One major way to do this is by monitoring ...Spectral reflectance in the infrared range interval between wavelengths 5 and 11 μm was investigated to compare properties of ordinary and low-emissivity glazing in the vicinity of wavelength 10 μm.According to Wien law [10], [11] wavelength 10. μm corresponds to infrared radiation at temperature 20 °C – room …An SGHC number (Solar Heat Gain Coefficient) is the amount of radiation (light and heat) that is admitted through a window. The number is between 1 and 10. The lower the number, the less heat and light it transmits. The SGHC of glazed windows is generally higher than Low-E windows. This means more light and more heat comes …Low-emissivity (low-e) materials can be used in order to reduce energy usage in both opaque and transparent areas of a building. The main focus for low-e materials is …Low-emissivity (low-E coatings) limit heat gain through the glazing by reflecting heat energy. Reflective coatings reduce interior solar heat gain by reflecting solar energy. Thermal performance of glazing is expressed by its thermal conductance, which a measure of air-to-air heat transmission due to thermal …Low Emissivity (Low E) glass is a special invisible coating, bonded to the glass inside the double-glazing unit and greatly enhances the insulating performance by as much as an additional 60% compared to standard double glazing. [email protected] 1300 576 311; Home; About Us. Our Team;The number of calories in a glazed donut depends on the brand of donut. The Original Glazed® Doughnut from Krispy Kreme has 190 calories. A glazed donut from Dunkin’ Donuts has 260...A low emissivity glazing on a pane of glass, includes a set of thin layers formed by vacuum deposition assisted by magnetron, the set of thin layers including at least one metal layer reflecting infra-red rays between one or more dielectric layers located between the metal layer and the glass sheet, the metal layer being provided with a protective barrier … Low-Emissivity glass (or low-E glass) provides natural light transmission while helping to limit heat gain and thermal energy transfer. Due to continuous improvements in its thermal insulation and solar control performance, glass is a flexible building material that can help improve the energy efficiency of buildings. y Special coatings to create low emissivity (“low-E”) glass. Such low-E glass reflects heat energy either into or out of the house, further enhancing insula- ... Low SHGC, Low U-factor Selecting Energy Efficiency by Climate Zone Climate Zone U-Factor SHGC Northern ≤ 0.30 Any Prescriptive-0.31 ≥ 0.35 Equivalent Energy -0.32 ≥ 0.40 ...SSG ® Low Emissivity (Low E) Glass is the key solution for both comfort and cost savings. It prevents unwanted heating of interiors while still allowing as much daylight into the building as possible. The new SSG ® Low E design combines maximum solar control with astonishing light transmittance and a low external reflection.Low emissivity (low E) coatings for glazing are microscopically thin, transparent coatings (even thinner than a human hair) that reflect long-wave infrared energy (or heat!). So instead of heat escaping through the glass, a low E coating will reflect heat back into the home. In secondary glazing hard coat Pilkington K Glass™ is used to …Low-emissivity coating glazing is a type of glass that has a thin, transparent coating applied to it that helps to reduce heat transfer through the glass. This coating reflects heat back into the ...Low-emissivity (low-E coatings) limit heat gain through the glazing by reflecting heat energy. Reflective coatings reduce interior solar heat gain by reflecting solar energy. Thermal performance of glazing is expressed by its thermal conductance, which a measure of air-to-air heat transmission due to thermal …Car emissions testing is an important part of keeping your vehicle running efficiently and reducing air pollution. It’s important to find a reliable and convenient emissions testin...Low emissivity glazing which is an assembly of thin layers including at least one metal layer reflecting infrared rays between one or more dielectric layers located between the metal layer and the glass sheet and on the metal layer, the light transmission of one clear float glass sheet 4 mm thick coated with said layers … EMISSIVITY definition: 1. the ability of an object to emit (= send out) heat, compared to the heat emitted by a black…. Learn more. Sep 1, 2017 · Mobile signals can therefore be low. Figure 1 c) displays our approach: a double glazing with a low emissivity coating especially patterned by laser ablation to transmit radiofrequency waves. Fig. 1. a) Double glazing without low emissivity coating. b) Double glazing with a low emissivity coating (low-e) applied on one glass pane. Glass, Clear Glazing, Low E, 4mm. Low-E varies from normal clear glass in that one side of the glass has a special metal coating, technically known as a low emissivity, or Low-E. Low-E coatings have been developed to minimize the amount of ultraviolet and infrared light that can pass through glass without compromising the amount of visible ...EMISSIVITY definition: 1. the ability of an object to emit (= send out) heat, compared to the heat emitted by a black…. Learn more.Study with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like Which type of glass is most often used in and around exterior doors where pedestrian traffic is heavy?, Which word or phrase does not belong with the others? a) Lockstrip gasket b) Setting blocks c) Wedge or roll-in gasket d) Preformed solid tape sealant (polybutene) e) Low-emissivity coating, …Pilkington K Glass™. Pilkington K Glass™ is the original hard coated, pyrolytic low-emissivity coated thermal glass which became the most well-known and trusted brand by householders. Established for over 30 years and easily stocked, processed and installed, it has become the reliable solution for meeting Building Regulations concerning energy …When it comes to creating delicious and nutritious side dishes, glazed carrots are a classic choice. Not only are they packed with flavor, but they’re also incredibly easy to prepa...with one low-E glass pane, with a hemi-spherical emissivity e h of 0.04, i s approxi-mately half the U-value of a similar unit with no low-E glass. The optimum low-E window may re-quire either high transmittance or high reflectance of solar energy.1 The solar en-ergy transmittanceso] T, also shown in Figure 1, of a high-performance glazing ...High Performance. Energy efficiency is achieved through the use of various window and door technologies. Low E coatings, frame materials, glazing types, spacers, gas fill, and weather stripping all contribute to efficiency. Energy ratings for windows and doors are certified by the National Fenestration Rating Council (NFRC).Benefits of Low-e Glass. Installing windows containing low-e glass in energy-efficient double or triple glazed units provides you with many benefits: improves the energy-efficiency of …Dec 14, 2016 · Low-e glass stands for low emissivity, whereas emissivity indicates the ability of a material to radiate energy. Low-emissivity glass is a clear glass that has been treated with a thin coating to improve the overall performance of glass. Low-e glass plays a very important role in buildings having a large expanse of glass facades. The low-e coating allows visible light to pass through the glass, but reflects infrared light which damages and fades interior materials, and also reflects ...To compensate for this, sometimes using two low-emissivity coatings is suggested. If a 20 mm Argon (90%) filled cavity is considered, with 2 panes of 4 mm float glass, and a single 1% normal emissivity coating is used, the resulting U value would be 1.068 W/m2K, which, with rounding as per EN 673, would be declared as 1.1 …Are you looking for a show-stopping main course that is both delicious and easy to prepare? Look no further than a simple brown sugar glazed ham. This mouthwatering dish is perfect...May 1, 2009 · Reflectance of the low-emissivity glazing is increased at the beginning of infrared range. It is interesting that reflectance of this glazing is decreased in the visible range and it is lower than reflectance of the clear float glass. It is caused by the existence of a thin film deposited on the glass surface – see Fig. 5. 3.2. Low-emissivity (low-e) coatings on glass control heat transfer within the insulated glazing. Windows manufactured with low-e coatings typically cost about 10% to 15% more than regular windows, but they reduce energy loss by as much as 30% to 50%. Low emissivity coating. One of the main types of glazing that can greatly reduce the heat loss in windows is known as low emissivity coating (low-e coating). It is a fine metal coating that reduces heat gain in the summer and heat loss in the winter. It works by reflecting the heat from the sources back to its original source. A difference in temperature and heat losses between conventional glazing with an emissivity of 0.89 (29.47 W/m 2) and coated glazing with an emissivity of 0.14 (5.43 W/m 2) was observed. The temperature difference and heat losses were 54.26 % (1.28 °C) and 81.6 % (24.04 W/m2), respectively, in favour of the coated sample.4 Nov 2016 ... Low-E glass ('low emissivity') is designed to lower the level of radiant energy making it through your windows. The nuts and bolts of it is an ...As the world becomes more aware of the importance of addressing climate change, calculating carbon emissions has become a crucial step in understanding and reducing our environment...Low-emissivity, or low-e glass, as it's better known, is a glass that has a near-invisible metal-based coating. A low-e coating is a layer of silver and metals so thin it can't be seen and can be compared to the effect of …with one low-E glass pane, with a hemi-spherical emissivity e h of 0.04, i s approxi-mately half the U-value of a similar unit with no low-E glass. The optimum low-E window may re-quire either high transmittance or high reflectance of solar energy.1 The solar en-ergy transmittanceso] T, also shown in Figure 1, of a high-performance glazing ...The long-wave thermal emissivity (ε) of the glazing may affect the radiation heat transfer between the glazing and the indoor surface or the outdoor environment. The windows with low emissivity (low-e) coatings were considered energy efficient as they can, theoretically, hinder the long-wave thermal radiation entering the room in summer as ...To understand the potential impacts on both thermal performance and condensation risks of using low-e coatings in buildings, especially in the single-pane sector, in this work, parametric numerical analysis in winter is conducted. Three building glazing models, including the single-pane without low-e coatings (SNL), …Low-E glass, or low emissivity glass, is a type of glass that has been treated with an invisible metallic oxide coating, designed to significantly reduce the amount of …A reactive glaze is often used in ceramic and does not have a homogeneous solid color or character. These kinds of glazes are also known as variegated or mottled. According to Spec...Low-E (low-emissivity) glass has a coating that allows natural light through without emitting radiant heat, helping to maximise light and energy efficiency. The coating will help to reduce the transfer of the sun’s heat into the home during summer. In the cooler months, the coating helps to reduce the amount of internal warmth escaping ...Low-emissivity glass, commonly called low-E glass, is a type of reflective glass that is gaining in popularity, especially in residential and office applications. Low-E coatings are very thin metallic coatings that reduce visible light transmission by about 10 percent compared to uncoated glass. They are applied using either the …Low-e glass, also known as low-emissivity glass, is a microscopic glass coating that improves a window’s energy efficiency. It helps regulate temperatures by preventing heat from escaping and reflecting the sun’s rays away from the window. There are two types of low-E glass. While both drastically improve energy efficiency, one type is ...Triple, krypton, low-e 4e - 12Kr - 4 - 12Kr - e4 0.52 1167.14 aGlass specification details the width of glass pane (in mm), width of gap (mm) and infill gas, and width of second glas pane (mm). 4e represents a 4mm glass pane with one low-emissivity coating. bU-value is for complete glazing unit, including glass panes, inert gas and low-e coating.We explain what to check when you're buying double glazing, including energy efficiency, sound-proofing, security and the extras you'll need to choose. For many households, installing double glazing will mean smaller energy bills and a warmer home. But it's a big expense, so you want to make the right …low emissivity coating should be used as inner panes in buildings with high solar gains. For triple glazing, the minimum heating and cooling requirements are achieved with two or three panes with low emissivity. For buildings with low solar gains, an emissivity of the coating of 0.03 is preferable,Oct 27, 2021 · Because of this difference, solar radiation is higher for low-emissivity glazing positioned as an exterior pane. When the emissivity value is higher than 0.05, the heat demand is lower for low emissivity glazing positioned as an interior pane when oriented northeast to northwest, while for other orientations both positions give similar results. Low Emissivity Glass, or Low E Glass as it's commonly referred to, is a type of treated glass that reflects thermal radiation or infrared energy. In simpler terms, this glass reflects the heat back to its source rather than absorbing and letting it pass through. This is achieved by applying a microscopic metallic coating to one side of the ...Low-E glass is a type of glass finished with special glazing that’s invisible to the eye. The ‘E’ in Low-E stands for emissivity — the measure of how much thermal energy a surface is radiating or emitting. Standard window glass is naturally highly emissive, which is why uncoated windows are known for causing unwanted solar heat gain ...Aug 1, 1997 · Abstract. New energy conservation regulations became effective in Germany by the beginning of 1995. These regulations contain stringent instructions on the thermal insulation of buildings, and thus imply the use of so-called “low emissivity” coatings for nearly any kind of architectural glazing. As a consequence, the new law has significant ... Dual Pane. Our standard glazing is dual pane: two panes of glass with Low E coatings and insulated with argon gas. Compared to a single glass pane, dual pane glass cuts energy costs significantly because of low emissivity coating and the gas filled insulating space between the glass layers. The “e” in low-e stands for emissivity. The low emissivity coating (low-e) means that less heat passes through the glass than would usually be the case (compared to standard float glass). ... Australia’s only glass manufacturer, for both low-e (ComfortPlus) and double-glazing (4+12+4 is quite standard). The two …To improve performance, you can use single glazing with a more energy-efficient type of glass such as low emissivity (low-e) glass. Double or triple glazing. Double or triple glazing (also known as insulated glass units or IGUs), is the combination of 2 or more layers of glass sealed into a frame with a gap between the layers. ...Low-Emissivity glass (or low-E glass) provides natural light transmission and a low U-value to help limit heat gain and thermal energy transfer. Due to continuous improvements in its thermal insulation and solar control performance, glass is a flexible building material that can help improve the energy efficiency of buildings.Low-emissivity (low-E) glass comes in so many variations to suit different budgets and window performance requirements that it can be dificult to get your head around at times. …Low-emissivity coating glazing is a type of glass that has a thin, transparent coating applied to it that helps to reduce heat transfer through the glass. This coating reflects heat back into the ...Double glazing (low E,εn = 0.1, argon filled) 2.3 1.9 1.8 Double glazing (low E,εn = 0.05, argon filled) ... Indicative U values for windows with wood or PVC-U frames εn is the emissivity of the low E glass. Those quoted are normal emissivities – uncoated glass is assumed to have a normal emissivity of 0.89 The gas mixture …It is observed that retrofit hard coat low-e double glazing saves up to about 9% of daily energy consumption of Air conditioners (with annual average of 3% for ...Abstract Heat economy is a pressing issue in all countries with severe climate. The most frequent method to solve the problem is to decrease heat losses in buildings by increasing the thermal resistance of enclosures. The most popular measure to improve windows is the use of low-emissivity coatings and inert gases. The U-value of … 3.5 inches of solid wood have an R-value of roughly 3.5 ft2-hr-°F/Btu. Which of the following glazing options comes closest to this R-value? a) Single glazing, clear b) Double glazing, clear c) Triple glazing, clear d) Double glazing, clear, low-e, low SHGC e) Triple glazing, clear, low-e, medium SHGC, krypton-filled The low- e glazing was pioneered in the early 1970s, most had a medium emissivity. However, recently by coating glass during manufacture with a fine layer of metal oxide the emissivity of the ...low-emissivity coating glass. Low emissivity coating glasses are manufactured through coating several layer of metal oxide films on high quality SGG transparent float glasses or tint glasses by the means of vacuum magnetism control and cathodic sputtering. Through different kinds of combination of metal oxide films, low emissivity coating glass ...The Low-E glass reflects the harmful UV rays from the surface. UV rays cause discoloration of furniture. The Low-E glass reflects nearly 100% of UV rays saving ...Low-emissivity coating glazing is a type of glass that has a thin, transparent coating applied to it that helps to reduce heat transfer through the glass. This coating reflects heat back into the ...31 Mar 2022 ... As far as options go, soft coat Low-E glass will provide the best energy values in the marketplace. If you want superior protection against ...An SGHC number (Solar Heat Gain Coefficient) is the amount of radiation (light and heat) that is admitted through a window. The number is between 1 and 10. The lower the number, the less heat and light it transmits. The SGHC of glazed windows is generally higher than Low-E windows. This means more light and more heat comes …Abstract Heat economy is a pressing issue in all countries with severe climate. The most frequent method to solve the problem is to decrease heat losses in buildings by increasing the thermal resistance of enclosures. The most popular measure to improve windows is the use of low-emissivity coatings and inert gases. The U-value of …Many homeowners are switching to low-e glass — also referred to as low-emissivity glass—when upgrading their home’s windows. With low-e glass, you can reduce the amount of harmful ultraviolet light entering your home, improve energy efficiency efforts, save on annual heating and cooling costs and create a …When it comes to holiday feasts or special occasions, a succulent ham is often the star of the show. Every great ham glaze starts with a sweet and tangy base that complements the s...4. To lower the contribution of a house to the greenhouse gases (namely CO 2 ) a homeowner decides to replace the 1/4" single glazing (acrylic/polycarbonate) aluminum frame without thermal break windows with 1/2" air-filled double-glazing wood/vinyl frame windows.The new windows have low emissivity (ε = 0.1 on surfaces 2 and 3).The …The number of calories in a glazed donut depends on the brand of donut. The Original Glazed® Doughnut from Krispy Kreme has 190 calories. A glazed donut from Dunkin’ Donuts has 260...When it comes to holiday meals, nothing is quite as classic as a spiral honey glazed ham. This delicious dish is sure to be a hit with your family and friends, but how do you know ...with one low-E glass pane, with a hemi-spherical emissivity e h of 0.04, i s approxi-mately half the U-value of a similar unit with no low-E glass. The optimum low-E window may re-quire either high transmittance or high reflectance of solar energy.1 The solar en-ergy transmittanceso] T, also shown in Figure 1, of a high-performance glazing ...The “E” in Low E is an abbreviation of “ Emissivity ”, which is a measure of the ability to radiate absorbed energy. Low E glass has a special coating on the glass surface, which reduces the amount of heat transferred through the glass, improving its thermal performance. Low E coatings are older than you might think.Low-emissivity, or low-e glass, as it's better known, is a glass that has a near-invisible metal-based coating. A low-e coating is a layer of silver and metals so thin it can't be seen and can be compared to the effect of …Low emissivity glass prevents heat transfer and ensures that visible light is able to pass through the glass in both directions. Low-E coatings come in two types: hard coat and soft coat. Hard coat is made by pouring melted tin on the glass, while soft coat low-e glass is made with silver, tin or zinc that is applied to the glass in a …Fact: Low-E glazing technology exists today and is ready to use. Energy savings from the ... 545 final of 19.10.2006) and facts about Low-Emissivity glass are from “Potential impact of Low-Emissivity Glazing on energy and CO 2 savings in Europe” (TNO Report 2008-D-R1240/B by TNO Built Environment and Geosciences, Delft, The Netherlands). ...Novel mobile communication technology such as 5G will provide a more efficient and reliable platform for the development of the Internet of Things. However, microwaves in the range of 5G frequencies are strongly attenuated by modern energy-efficient glazing found in most recent buildings. This paper presents major steps towards …Low-e glass, also known as low-emissivity glass, is a microscopic glass coating that improves a window’s energy efficiency. It helps regulate temperatures by preventing heat from escaping and reflecting the sun’s rays away from the window. There are two types of low-E glass. While both drastically improve energy efficiency, one type is ...

What is Low E coating? Low E means ‘Low Emissivity’ – emissivity is defined as the amount of radiation emitted or absorbed from a surface. The main difference between a Low E glass and an ordinary …. How much will apple vision pro cost

low emissivity glazing

A difference in temperature and heat losses between conventional glazing with an emissivity of 0.89 (29.47 W/m 2) and coated glazing with an emissivity of 0.14 (5.43 W/m 2) was observed. The temperature difference and heat losses were 54.26 % (1.28 °C) and 81.6 % (24.04 W/m2), respectively, in favour of the coated sample.Coatings with low-emissivity properties have low heat transfer properties and higher light transmission than reflective coatings. Viracon offers a broad selection of both reflective and Low-E coatings. Our coatings can be applied to clear, low iron, mid iron, or tinted glass substrates. In addition, printed patterns can be applied to the same ...Low emissivity glazing which is an assembly of thin layers including at least one metal layer reflecting infrared rays between one or more dielectric layers located between the metal layer and the glass sheet and on the metal layer, the light transmission of one clear float glass sheet 4 mm thick coated with said layers …For patterned conductive low emissivity coatings on glass substrates, and for frequencies clearly below the plasma frequency of the free charge carriers, the following properties are typical []: ε r glass = 7.0, coating sheet resistance: 4.0 Ω/sq.Using these values, the cut-off frequency f −3dB can be calculated as a function of w and D.. Figure …Low emissivity glazing which is an assembly of thin layers including at least one metal layer reflecting infrared rays between one or more dielectric layers located between the metal layer and the glass sheet and on the metal layer, the light transmission of one clear float glass sheet 4 mm thick coated with said layers …Jul 4, 2021 · A hard-coat Low E glass is a version of the coating which is applied to the glass when it is just coming out of the furnace. The coating is fused onto the glass as it cools down. The hard-coat layer actually becomes "welded" to the glass. This process makes it difficult or "hard" to scratch or remove the hard-coat layer. Jun 26, 2020 · Still, with all the possible combinations, there are two basic types of low-e glass coatings: passive low-e coatings, and solar control low-e coatings. There's a crucial difference between the two. Passive low-e coatings are designed with the purpose of maximizing solar heat that passes into a building. This creates what's known as a “passive ... Used in applications where window energy efficiency is an essential feature. Low emissivity glass, which is mostly referred to as Low-E glass or in the manufacturing industry as Planibel A, is energy efficient with the application of a special coating. This particular film is able to reduce the level of heat escaping through windows or doors ...Mar 1, 2015 · Nowadays the use of energy efficient double glazing that contain low emissivity (lowe) coatings and argon is common (Glass for Europe 2019). Meanwhile, ... y Special coatings to create low emissivity (“low-E”) glass. Such low-E glass reflects heat energy either into or out of the house, further enhancing insula- ... Low SHGC, Low U-factor Selecting Energy Efficiency by Climate Zone Climate Zone U-Factor SHGC Northern ≤ 0.30 Any Prescriptive-0.31 ≥ 0.35 Equivalent Energy -0.32 ≥ 0.40 ...Are you looking to impress your guests with a mouthwatering centerpiece for your next holiday gathering? Look no further than a simple brown sugar glazed ham. This classic dish is ...windows incorporating low emissivity glass will enable the more rigorous standards of thermal insulation to be met. Whilst there are variations in the different regions, these are primarily to do with scheduling and specific levels of insulation. The main differences are shown in the table on page 5. Low Emissivity Glass and its Visual QualitySoft coat low e has a lower emissivity than hard coat and therefore can achieve lower u-values for superior thermal performance. A typical double-glazed unit with soft coat low e coating and an Argon filled cavity will achieve centre pane u-values of 1.1 W/m²K, whereas hard coat will achieve 1.5 W/m²K. For more information on toughened …Glazing Capable of Being Mistaken for a Doorway or Opening 20 Low Level Glazing and Windows that are Full Height 20 Bathroom, Ensuite and Spa Room Glazing 20 ... LOW-E GLASS Low-E stands for low emissivity glass. It is manufactured by the addition of a special thin metal coating on one side of the glass. Low-E glass increases the energyAbstract. New energy conservation regulations became effective in Germany by the beginning of 1995. These regulations contain stringent instructions on the thermal insulation of buildings, and thus imply the use of so-called “low emissivity” coatings for nearly any kind of architectural glazing. As a ….

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